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Review of Tenses

Review of Tenses

º Present Simple

- Used to talk about routines (everyday activities).

 -S / -ES / -IES

 don't / doesn't + infinitive

 Do / Does + subject + infinitive

º Present Continuous
i It's used to talk about things we do right now (at this moment).

or plans (future arrangements).

º Past Simple
- It's used to talk about finished actions (it stopped in the past and it has no connections to the present).

 -ed or irregular verbs

 didn't + infinitive

 Did + subject + infinitive

º Past Continuous
- It's used to talk about a situation that was happening when another event interrupts it.
(= progressive action in the past)

º Be going to
- It talks about plans, intentions, predictions (which you can see at this moment).

º Will
- It talks about instant decisions, predictions (according to my own opinion), offers and promises.

Will

Will

(Promises, Offers, Decisions)

º We often use WILL in these situations:

1) When we decide to do something at the time of speaking:

E.g.:

   - Did you phone Ruth?

   - Oh no, I forgot. I'll phone her now.

2) Offering to do something:

E.g.:
   - I'll help you with your bags.

3) Agreeing to do something:
E.g.:
   - OK, I'll meet you outside the hotel in half an hour.

4) Promising to do something:
E.g.:
   - I won't tell anyone what happened. I promises!

5) Asking somebody to do something:
E.g.:
   - Will you please be quiet? I'm trying to concentrate.

Be going to X Will
- Plans;     - Intentions;     - Predictions (you can see at this moment).	- Instant decisions;     - Offers;     - Promises;     - Predictions (Your opinion, what you think about).

Going to / Present continuous / Future: Will

Going to / Present continuous / Future: Will

º Going to:

Be	going to	infinitive
aux. verb	future expression	main verb

E.g.:
 9 I'm going to go to the beach.
 9 She's going to have a baby.

Use:
º Plans
º Predictions

--------------------------------------------------------------------

º Present continuous:

Be	verb (+ING)
aux. verb	main verb

E.g.:
 9 I'm going to the beach. (on this moment, tomorrow, next week...)
 9 She's travelling to Europe next week.

Use:
º Future arrangements

--------------------------------------------------------------------

º Future: Will

Use:
º Predictions

- Future happenings and situations (predicting future)

- Sometimes there's not much difference between WILL and GOING TO.

  E.g.: you can say:
 9 I think the weather will be nice later.
                              or
 9 I think the weather is going to be nice later.

Obs.: SHALL is normally used with (I) or (we), but in spoken English we normally use (I'll) or (we'll). The negative form is (Shall not) or (Shan't).

E.g.:
 9 I shall be tired this evening
                        or
 9 I'll be tired this evening

Modal Verb: a diferença entre shall e will

Prepositions

Prepositions

º AT:
- Time;
- Expressions: night, weekend etc.;
- Festivals.

E.g.:
I go to school at seven o'clock
We go there at night
I always travel to Rio at Christmas


º IN:
- Parts of the day: morning, afternoon, evening (exception: at night);
- General dates: months, years;
- Seasons: summer, winter etc.

I go to school in the morning
I was born in 1995
We love the beach in the summer

º ON:
- Specific dates: day, day + month, day + month + year;
- Days of the week.

I was born on January the first
He always go away on Fridays

AT	ON	IN
Night	21st December	The afternoon
11.00 pm.	Friday night	The evening
The weekend	Saturday morning	January
Christmas	Sundays	The winter
Lunchtime	Friday

So - Because - But - Although

So - Because - But - Although

Observation:
1) We usually put a comma (,) before "so", "although" and "but";

2) "Though": colloquial form for although. It's not used in the beginning;

3) "So": It can also be used with a different meaning, when it's used to intensify adjectives.
     E.g.: It's so beautiful!

Pronunciation -ED (Simple Past - Regular Verbs)

Pronunciation -ED

(Simple Past - Regular Verbs)

* O '5' está no lugar do símbolo que eu ainda não achei :(

º /t/ after verbs ending in these unvoiced sounds: /k/, /p/, /f/, /s/, /'5'/ and /t'5'/
E.g.:

 9 /k/ - looked (pronunciation = 'lookt' - no looked)
 9 /p/ - hoped (pronunciation = 'hopt' - no hoped)
 9 /f/ - laughed (pronunciation = 'laught' - no laughed)
 9 /s/ - passed (pronunciation = 'passt' - no passed)
 9 /'5'/ - washed (pronunciation = 'washt' - no washed)
 9 /t'5'/ - watched (pronunciation = 'watcht' - no watched)

º /id/ after verbs ending in /t/ or /d/
E.g.:

 9 /t/ - hated (pronunciation = 'hatid' - no hated)
 9 /d/ - decided (pronunciation = 'decidid' - no decided)

º /d/ after verbs with voiced endings. (This is the biggest group)
E.g.:

 9 arrived (pronunciation = 'arrivd' - no arrived)
 9 changed (pronunciation = 'changd' - no changed)
 9 showed (pronunciation = 'showd' - no showed)

Obs.: The difference between /d/ and /t/ (-ED sounds) is very small and only occasionally causes communication problems.

Parts of the body

Algumas das principais partes do corpo humano

Para quem quiser treinar, basta imprimir a imagem abaixo

Present Continuous - Review

Present Continuous - Review

º It's used to talk about things (events) that happen at this moment (=now).

Structure:

subject	+	auxiliary verb	+	main verb	+	complement
		BE		+ING

E.g:

I am studying English now.
I	am	studying	English	now.
subj.	BE	verb + ING	compl.	not necessary

ING Rules:

1) Add ING:
º play - playing
E.g.:

He is playing the piano.
He	is	playing	the piano.
subj.	BE	verb + ING

2) Verbs ending in "-E":
º remove E, add ING: dance - dancing

E.g.:

They are dancing ballet.
They	are	dancing	ballet.
subj.	BE	verb + ING

3) Verbs ending in "-IE":

º remove IE, add y and ING: lie - lying
E.g.:

We aren't lying.
We	aren't	lying.
subj.	BE + not	verb + ING

4) Short verbs ending in C.V.C. (Consonant + Vowel + Consonant):
º double last consonant and add ING: run - running

run	running
C.V.C	C.V.C + C + ING

E.g.:

I am running to school.
I	am	running	to school.
subj.	BE	verb + C + ING

5) Long verbs ending in C.V.C., whose last syllable is stressed:
º double last consonant and add ING: travel - travelling

travel	travelling
C.V.C	C.V.C + C + ING

E.g.:

I am travelling to Paris.
I	am	travelling	to Paris.
subj.	BE	verb + C + ING

Obs.: If the verb ends in C.V.C. but the last syllable isn't stressed:
º don't double the last consonant: listen - listening
E.g.:

She is listening to music.
She	is	listening	to music
subj.	BE	verb + ING

Relative Clauses

Relative Clauses

A clause is a part of a sentence.
A relative clause tell us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means:

E.g.: The Woman who lives next door is a doctor.
                           (tell us which woman)

E.g.: We know a lot of people who live in London.
                                          (tell us what kind of people)

Rules:
º Who/That: People
º Which/That: Things
º Where: Places
º When: Time
º Whose: Possession

Adverbs and expressions of frequency

Adverbs and expressions of frequency

º It's used to answer the question: "How often...?"
º It's used before verbs (except BE)

E.g.:

How often do you study English?
How often	do you study English?
QW = frequency

E.g.:

I always have a sandwich for lunch.
I	always	have	a sandwich for lunch.
	adverb of freq.	Verb
	<  Before  =

E.g.:

I am never sad.
I	am	never	sad.
	Verb BE	adverb of freq.
	<  After =

|---------------|-----------------|--------------|--------------------|------------------|
100%	80%	65%	50%	20%	0%
Always	Usually	Often	Sometimes	Hardly Ever	Never

Obs.: We use HARDLY EVER and NEVER with affirmative verbs, but with a negative meaning.

E.g.:

I	hardly ever	do	exercise
	–	É

He	is	never	tired
	É	–

* Expressions of frequency:
º Everyday
º Regularly
º Once
º Twice
º Three times
º Every month
º Etc.

Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal Numbers

1

st

first

11

th

eleventh

21

st

twenty-first

31

st

thirty-first

2

nd

second

12

th

twelfth

22

nd

twenty-second

40

th

fortieth

3

rd

third

13

th

thirteenth

23

rd

twenty-third

50

th

fiftieth

4

th

fourth

14

th

fourteenth

24

th

twenty-fourth

60

th

sixtieth

5

th

fifth

15

th

fifteenth

25

th

twenty-fifth

70

th

seventieth

6

th

sixth

16

th

sixteenth

26

th

twenty-sixth

80

th

eightieth

7

th

seventh

17

th

seventeenth

27

th

twenty-seventh

90

th

ninetieth

8

th

eighth

18

th

eighteenth

28

th

twenty-eighth

100

th

one hundredth

9

th

ninth

19

th

nineteenth

29

th

twenty-ninth

1,000

th

one thousandth

10

th

tenth

20

th

twentieth

30

th

thirtieth

1,000,000

th

one millionth

Form
Just add "th" to the cardinal number:

E.g.:

º four - fourth
º eleven - eleventh

Exceptions:
º one - first
º two - second
º three - third
º five - fifth
º eight - eighth
º nine - ninth
º twelve - twelfth